This year, three scientists, William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza, have won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

They won the award for their discovery of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen.

• Scientists have known about the fundamental importance of oxygen for centuries, but how cells adapt to changes in oxygen levels has been unknown until now.
• This year’s winners’ research revealed the molecular mechanisms behind how cells adapt to changes in oxygen supply.
• Mr Kaelin Jr and Mr Semenza are from the US while Sir Ratcliffe is from the UK.
• The award comes with a cash prize of 9 million Swedish crowns (US$913,000) which they will share equally.

The Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute announced the prize. They said that the three scientists’ discovery “have fundamental importance for physiology and have paved the way for promising new strategies to fight anaemia, cancer and many other diseases.”

 

The Nobel Prize for Medicine is the first of the Nobel Prizes awarded each year.

• They will declare the award for the physics Nobel tomorrow and for chemistry on Wednesday.
• The Literature Prizes will be awarded on Thursday and the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday.
• They will announce the economics prize on 14 October 2019.

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